[3] Allsen，Thomas T. 1997 Commodity and Exchange in the Mongol Empire：A Cultural History of Islamic Textiles. Cambridge：Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，85-86.
[4] Mair，Victor H. 1988 Painting and Performance：Chinese Picture Recitation and Its Indian Genesis. Honolulu：University of Hawaii Press，111-31.
[5] Liu，James T. C. 1985 “Polo and Cultural Change：From T’ang to Sung China.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 45：，203-5，and Bower，Virginia L. 1991 “Polo in Tang China：Sport and Art.” Asian Art 4，1：23-45.
[6] Teggard，Frederick J. 1941 Theory and Processes of History. Berkeley：University of California Press，93-127，他对这些争论作了精妙的分析。
[7] 例如请参见Perry，W. J. 1968 The Children of the Sun：A Study in the Early History of Civilization. 1923. Reprint London：Methuen，406-27。
[8] 请参见Dixon，Roland B. 1928 The Building of Cultures. New York：Scribner’s，241-64，and Lowie，Robert 1937 The History of Ethnological Theory. New York：Farrar & Rinehart，160-69。
[9] 关于对这些言论的批判，请参见Haslip-Viera，Gabriel，Bernard Ortiz de Montellano，and Warren Barbour 1997 “Robbing Native American Cultures：Van Sertima’s Afrocentricity and the Olmecs.” Current Anthropology 38：419-41，with invited commentary，附评论。
[10] Sherratt 1995，1-32.
[11] Bradshaw，John L. 1988 “The Evolution of Human Lateral Asymmetries：New Evidence and Second Thoughts.” Journal of Human Evolution 17：632-33.
[12] 关于此讨论以及之欢的讨论，请参见Renfrew，Colin 1986 “Introduction.” In Colin Renfrew and John F. Cherry，eds.，Peer Polity Interaction and Socio-Political Change. Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，pp. 1-18.Quotes on p.1。
[13] Kramer，Samuel Noah 1981 History Begins at Sumer. 1956. Reprint Philadelphia：University of Pennsylvania Press，224.
[14] Wagoner，Phillip B. 1995 “‘Sultan Among Hindu Kings’：Dress，Titles and Islamicization of Hindu Culture at Vijayanagara.” Journal of Asian Studies 55：851-80.
[15] Duby，Georges 1974 The Early Growth of the European Economy. Ithaca，N.Y.：Cornell University Press，177-78.参见Elias，Norbert 1994 The Civilizing Process. Oxford：Blackwell，96。
[16] 关于冶金术，请参见Linduff，Katherine M. 1998 “The Emergence and Demise of Bronze-Producing Cultures Outside the Central Plain of China.” In Mair 1998，637-38。
[17] Haussig，Hans Wilhelm 1988 Die Geschichte Zentralasiens und der Seidenstrasse in islamischer Zeit. Darmstadt：Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft，124；Haussig，Hans Wilhelm 1992 Arch?ologie und Kunst der Seidenstrasse. Darmstadt：Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft，98，illus. 157，and 312-13，illus. 536-37；and Hayashi，Ryōichi 1975 The Silk Road and the Shoso-in. New York：Weatherhill，126-28.
[18] 关于中世纪英语中涉及猎物类东物的习致术语，请参见Twiti，William. The Art of Hunting，1327. Trans. Bror Danielsson. Stockholm：Almqvist & Wiksell，1977，37.31-34 and 38.10-35。
[19] 相关讨论可参见Herskovits，Melville J. 1951 Man and His Works：The Science of Cultural Anthropology. New York：Knopf，542-53，560，and 581-85。
[20] Roe，Sir Thomas. The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul，1615—1619. Ed. William Foster. Reprint Nendeln：Kraus Reprint，1967，II，361-62，and Bell，John. Journey from St. Petersburg to Pekin，1714-22. Edinburgh：Edinburgh University Press，1965. 129 and 141.
[21] du Jarric，Pierre，S.J. Akbar and the Jesuits：An Account of the Jesuit Mission to the Court of Akbar. Trans. C.H.Payne. London：Routledge，1926，55 and 57.
[22] Haskins，Charles H. 1921 “The De Arte Venandi cum Avibus of the Emperor Frederick Ⅱ.” English Historical Review（July），355.
[23] Oppian，Collathus，Tryphiodorus. Trans. A.W.Mair. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1928，I，369-538.
[24] KB/P Phillot，D.C. and R.J.Azoo，trans. “Chapters on Hunting Dogs and Cheetas，being an Extract from the Kitāb al-Bayzarah.” Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal n.s. 3（1907）：47-48.参见al-Man?ūr Al-Mansur’s Book on Hunting. Trans. Sir Terence Clark and Muawiya Derhalli. Warminster：Aris & Phillips，2001，23-27。
[25] Catherine Ⅱ Catherine Ⅱ. Memoirs of Catherine the Great. New York：Collier，1961，122，126-27，and 133.
[26] Usāmah Ibn Munqidh. An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades：Memoirs of Usāmah Ibn Munqidh. Trans. Philip K.Hitti. Princeton University Press，1987，89-90.
[27] Jahāngīr. Tūzuk-i Jahāngīrī or Memoirs of Jahāngīr. Trans. Alexander Rogers，ed. Henry Beveridge. Reprint Delhi：Munshiram Mansharlal，1978.II，10-11.
[28] ?usām al-Dawlah. Bāznāmah-i Na?īrī：A Persian Treatise on，3-11，47-48，and 49-55.参见Rudra Deva. ?yainika ?ātram：The Art of Hunting in Ancient India. Trans. M.M.Haraprasad Shastri. Delhi：Eastern Book Linkers，1982，103 （nos. 51-54）。
[29] Abūl Fa?l，AN Abū l Fa?l. Akbar Nama. Trans. Henry Beveridge. Reprint Delhi：Atlantic Publishers，1989.I，496 and note 3，and II，513.
[30] HI Elliot，H.M.E. and John Dawson，trans. The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians：The Muhammadan Period，1867. Reprint New York：AMS Press，1966. 8 vols.，V，336，and Jahāngīr. Tūzuk-i Jahāngīrī or Memoirs of Jahāngīr. Trans. Alexander Rogers，ed. Henry Beveridge. Reprint Delhi：Munshiram Mansharlal，1978.，II，226.
[31] Knauer，Elfriede R. 2003 “Fishing with Cormorants：A Note on Vittore Carpaccio’s Hunting on the Lagoon.”Apollo n.s. 158，no. 499：32-39.
[32] Marco Polo. The Description of the World. Trans. A.C.Moule and Paul Pelliot. London：Routledge，1938. Vol. Ⅰ.227-28.
[33] Abū’l Fa?l，AA Abū’l Fa?l. The Akbār-ī. Trans. H.Blochmann. Reprint Delhi：Atlantic Publishers，1979. I vols.，301-2；du Jarric，Pierre，S.J. Akbar and the Jesuits：An Account of the Jesuit Mission to the Court of Akbar. Trans. C.H.Payne. London：Routledge，1926，10；Jahāngīr. Tūzuk-i Jahāngīrī or Memoirs of Jahāngīr. Trans. Alexander Rogers，ed. Henry Beveridge. Reprint Delhi：Munshiram Mansharlal，1978. I vols.，90-91，and II，42-43；and Pelsaert，Francisco. Jahangir’s India：The Remontrantie of Francisco Pelsaert. Trans. W.H.Moreland and Pieter Geyl Reprint Delhi：Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli，1972，51-52.
[34] Abū’l Fa?l，AA Abū’l Fa?l. The Akbār-ī. Trans. H.Blochmann. Reprint Delhi：Atlantic Publishers，1979. I，304.
[35] Gibb，H. A. R. 1970 The Arab Conquests in Central Asia. 1923. Reprint New York：AMC Press.88-98，and Beckwith，Christopher I. 1987 The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia. Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press.89.
[36] Schortman，Edward M. And Patricia A. Urban 1992 “Current Trends in Interaction Research.” In Edward M. Schortman and Patricia A. Urban，eds.，Resources，Power，and Interregional Interaction. New York：Plenum，pp. 235-55.
[37] Marco Polo. The Description of the World. Trans. A.C.Moule and Paul Pelliot. London：Routledge，1938. Vol. Ⅰ.169；斜剔部分为笔者所加。
[38] Abū’l Fa?l，AA Abū’l Fa?l. The Akbār-ī. Trans. H.Blochmann. Reprint Delhi：Atlantic Publishers，1979.III，135.
[39] CWT Yule，Sir Henry，ed. and trans. Cathay and the Way Thither，Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China. 1866. Reprint Taibei：Ch’eng-wen Publishing，1966. 4 vols.，II，228-29.
[40] Broecke van den Broecke，Pieter. A Contemporary Dutch Chronicle of Mughal India. Trans. and ed. Brij Narain and Sri Ram Sharma. Calcutta：Susil Gupta，1957.91.
[41] Braudel，Fernand 1958 “Histoire et sciences sociales：la longue durée.” Annales：économies，sociétés，civilizations 13，no.4：725-53.esp. 727-35 and 751-53.参见Stoianovich，Traian 1994b “Longue durée.” In Peter A. Sterns，ed.，Encyclopedia of Social History. New York：Garland，pp. 426-28.
[42] Christian，David 1998 A History of Russia，Central Asia and Mongolia. Vol.1，Inner Asia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire. Oxford：Blackwell，XIX.
[43] Goudsblom，Johan 1992 “The Civilizing Process and the Domestication of Fire.” Journal of World History 3：1-13.
[44] Stoianovich，Traian 1994a Balkan Worlds：The First and Last Europe. Armonk，N.Y.：M.E. Sharpe.20-24.
[45] 相关分析请参见Clark，Stuart 1985 “The Annales Historians.” In Quentin Skinner，ed.，The Return of Grand Theory in the Human Sciences. Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，pp. 182-87。
[46] Jones，E. L. 1988 Growth Recurring：Economic Change in World History. Oxford：Clarendon Press.121.
[47] 请参见Christian，David 1991 “The Case for‘Big History’.” Journal of World History 2：223-38.特别是224-25。
[48] 请参见Sherratt的相关评论 1986，4-7。
[49] Straus，Lawrence Guy 1986 “Hunting in Late Upper Paleolithic Western Europe.” In Matthew H. Nitecki and Doris V. Nitecki，eds.，The Evolution of Human Hunting. New York：Plenum，pp. 147-76. and Ermolov，Leonid B. 1989 “Principal Tendencies in the Development of Hunting in Ancient and Traditional Nomadic Societies.” In Seaman 1989，pp. 105-8.
[50] Jarman，M. R. 1972 “European Deer Economies and the Advent of the Neolithic” In Higgs 1972，pp.132-33.
[51] Herodotus. The Persian Wars. Trans. George Rawlinson，New York：Modern Library，1942，I.35.
[52] Bosworth，Clifford Edmund 1973 The Heritage of Rulership in Early Islamic Iran and the Search for Dynastic Connection with the Past.” Iran 11：51-62，and Latham，J. D. 1970 “The Archers of the Middle East：The Turco-Persian Background.” Iran 8：100.
